Saccharum officinarum

sugarcane, noble cane, Cavameneñu, Kō · Poaceae · Saccharum officinarum L., 1753

Also searched as: Arundo saccharifera, Saccharifera officinalis, Saccharum atrorubens, Saccharum bataviense, Saccharum fragile, Saccharum glabrum

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Checked records

120

each tied to a source sentence

Papers

800 screened for this species

Skipped as ambiguous

600

sentences not read rather than guessed

Last scanned

16 Oct 2026

up to date

Literature coverage · 800 papers from 4 sources, 1976–2026

OpenAlex453

DOAJ206

PubMed179

Europe PMC90

A paper found by several sources is counted under each. More independent sources mean fewer missed papers.

At a glance

Surface sterilization

70% ethanol · 30 s → 1% NaOCl · 1 min

1 paper

Callus induction

2,4-D 3 mg/L (13.57 µM)

91% response · 5 papers

Somatic embryogenesis

2,4-D 4 mg/L (18.1 µM)

40% response · 1 paper

Shoot regeneration & multiplication

NAA 5 mg/L (26.85 µM)

MS (½ strength)

92% response · 2 papers

Rooting

NAA 5 mg/L (26.85 µM)

3 papers

Acclimatization

Not specified

91% survival · 14 papers

Surface sterilization

Evidence C Top ranked 1 paper

70% ethanol for 30 s
1% NaOCl for 1 min

Aseptic cultures—

Materialnot stated

Evidence C Close competitor 1 paper

75% ethanol for 30 s
5% NaOCl for 4 min

Aseptic cultures—

Materialnot stated

Evidence C Close competitor 1 paper

70% ethanol for 30 s
10% NaOCl for 10 min

Aseptic cultures—

Materialnot stated

Evidence C Close competitor 1 paper

4% NaOCl for 60 min
95% ethanol for 5 min

Aseptic cultures—

Materialnot stated

Evidence C Close competitor 1 paper

0.1% HgCl2 for 30 min

Aseptic cultures—

Materialnot stated

Evidence C 1 paper

0.1% HgCl2 for 10 min

Aseptic cultures—

Materialshoot tip

Evidence C 1 paper

0.1% HgCl2 for 7 min

Aseptic cultures—

Materialaxillary bud

Evidence C 1 paper

50% bleach for 30 min

Aseptic cultures—

Materialnot stated

Callus induction

Evidence A Top ranked Corroborated · 5 papers

score 100

2,4-D 3 mg/L (13.57 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumMS

Carbon sourcenot stated

Response91.1%

Reported2007–2020

Evidence A Corroborated · 3 papers

score 69

2,4-D 3 mg/L (13.57 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumnot stated

Carbon sourcenot stated

Response94.8% (92.3–97.3)

Reported2011–2025

Evidence B Corroborated · 2 papers

score 49

BAP 1 mg/L (4.44 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumMS

Carbon sourcenot stated

Response100%

Reported2013–2015

Evidence C 1 paper

score 24

BAP 2 mg/L (8.88 µM)NAA 1 mg/L (5.37 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumnot stated

Carbon sourcenot stated

Response100%

Reported2012

Evidence C 1 paper

score 23

2,4-D 5 mg/L (22.62 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumMS

Carbon sourcenot stated

Response84.5%

Reported2013

Evidence C 1 paper

score 23

GA3 1 mg/L (2.89 µM)Kinetin 0.5 mg/L (2.32 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumMS

Carbon sourcenot stated

Response70%

Reported2024

Evidence C 1 paper

score 20

2,4-D 2.5 mg/L (11.31 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumnot stated

Carbon sourcenot stated

Response50.2%

Reported2022

Evidence C 1 paper

score 19

2,4-D 4.5 mg/L (20.36 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumMS

Carbon sourcenot stated

Response80%

Reported2024

Evidence C 1 paper

score 17

2,4-D 4 mg/L (18.1 µM)Kinetin 0.5 mg/L (2.32 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumMS

Carbon sourcenot stated

Response51.8%

Reported2025

Evidence C 1 paper

score 16

Picloram 4 mg/L (16.57 µM)Kinetin 1 mg/L (4.65 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumnot stated

Carbon sourcenot stated

Reported2025

Evidence C 1 paper

score 16

BAP 4 mg/L (17.76 µM)2,4-D 4 mg/L (18.1 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumMS

Carbon sourcenot stated

Reported2013

Evidence C 1 paper

score 16

BAP 0.5 mg/L (2.22 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumMS

Carbon sourcenot stated

Reported2015

Evidence C 1 paper

score 16

BAP 2 mg/L (8.88 µM)Kinetin 0.5 mg/L (2.32 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumnot stated

Carbon sourcenot stated

Response17.8%

Reported2026

Evidence C 1 paper

score 16

BAP 0.4 mg/L (1.78 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumMS

Carbon sourcenot stated

Reported2011

Evidence C 1 paper

score 16

Picloram 1.087 mg/L (4.5 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumnot stated

Carbon sourcenot stated

Reported2016

Shoot regeneration & multiplication

Evidence B Top ranked Corroborated · 2 papers

score 100

NAA 5 mg/L (26.85 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumMS (½ strength)

Carbon source50 g/L sucrose

Response92%

Reported2015–2024

Evidence B Close competitor Corroborated · 2 papers

score 91

BAP 1 mg/L (4.44 µM)IBA 0.5 mg/L (2.46 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumMS

Carbon sourcenot stated

Shoots / explant43.4

Reported2010–2021

Evidence B Corroborated · 2 papers

score 84

BAP 2 mg/L (8.88 µM)NAA 0.5 mg/L (2.69 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumMS

Carbon sourcenot stated

Reported2009–2022

Evidence B Corroborated · 2 papers

score 82

NAA 2.5 mg/L (13.43 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumMS (½ strength)

Carbon sourcenot stated

Response90%

Time in culture30 days

Reported2024–2025

Evidence C 1 paper

score 64

BAP 2 mg/L (8.88 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumnot stated

Carbon sourcenot stated

Response91%

Reported2026

Evidence C 1 paper

score 51

NAA 10 mg/L (53.7 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumMS

Carbon sourcenot stated

Response93.3%

Shoots / explant33.3

Reported2026

Evidence C 1 paper

score 51

TDZ 10 mg/L (45.4 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumnot stated

Carbon sourcenot stated

Response80%

Reported2017

Evidence C 1 paper

score 50

NAA 9 mg/L (48.33 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumnot stated

Carbon sourcenot stated

Response90%

Shoots / explant25.5

Reported2026

Evidence C 1 paper

score 50

BAP 1 mg/L (4.44 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumnot stated

Carbon sourcenot stated

Shoots / explant17

Reported2025

Evidence C 1 paper

score 49

BAP 1.5 mg/L (6.66 µM)Kinetin 0.5 mg/L (2.32 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumnot stated

Carbon sourcenot stated

Shoots / explant13.6

Reported2022

Evidence C 1 paper

score 48

NAA 7.5 mg/L (40.28 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumMS

Carbon sourcenot stated

Response83.3%

Reported2020

Evidence C 1 paper

score 48

BAP 2 mg/L (8.88 µM)Kinetin 0.5 mg/L (2.32 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumnot stated

Carbon sourcenot stated

Response90%

Shoots / explant9.1

Reported2014

Evidence C 1 paper

score 48

BAP 2 mg/L (8.88 µM)Kinetin 0.25 mg/L (1.16 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumMS

Carbon source30 g/L sucrose

Response80%

Shoots / explant7.9

Reported2014

Evidence C 1 paper

score 48

TDZ 0.5 mg/L (2.27 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumnot stated

Carbon sourcenot stated

Reported2026

Evidence C 1 paper

score 48

TDZ 1.5 mg/L (6.81 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumnot stated

Carbon sourcenot stated

Reported2026

Evidence C 1 paper

score 46

TDZ 1 mg/L (4.54 µM)NAA 0.1 mg/L (0.54 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumnot stated

Carbon sourcenot stated

Response80%

Reported2010

Evidence C 1 paper

score 44

BAP 1 mg/L (4.44 µM)NAA 0.5 mg/L (2.69 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumMS

Carbon sourcenot stated

Shoots / explant9.8

Reported2005

Evidence C 1 paper

score 44

NAA 3 mg/L (16.11 µM)BAP 0.5 mg/L (2.22 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumMS (½ strength)

Carbon sourcenot stated

Response81.1%

Reported2026

Evidence C 1 paper

score 42

NAA 5 mg/L (26.85 µM)Kinetin 1 mg/L (4.65 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumMS

Carbon sourcenot stated

Response39.1% (25.3–53)

Reported2022

Evidence C 1 paper

score 41

BAP 1 mg/L (4.44 µM)NAA 2.5 mg/L (13.43 µM)

ExplantLeaf

Basal mediumnot stated

Carbon sourcenot stated

Response59.5%

Reported2021

Evidence C 1 paper

score 41

BAP 1 mg/L (4.44 µM)IAA 0.1 mg/L (0.57 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumMS

Carbon sourcenot stated

Shoots / explant4.4

Time to response11 days

Reported2021

Evidence C 1 paper

score 40

PGR-free

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumnot stated

Carbon sourcenot stated

Response26.3%

Reported2026

Evidence C 1 paper

score 39

BAP 2 mg/L (8.88 µM)GA3 0.5 mg/L (1.44 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumMS

Carbon sourcenot stated

Response85%

Reported2012

Evidence C 1 paper

score 37

BAP 0.5 mg/L (2.22 µM)Kinetin 0.5 mg/L (2.32 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumMS

Carbon sourcenot stated

Shoots / explant0.8

Reported2026

Evidence C 1 paper

score 37

BAP 1 mg/L (4.44 µM)NAA 2 mg/L (10.74 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumnot stated

Carbon sourcenot stated

Reported2011

Evidence C 1 paper

score 36

BAP 0.3 mg/L (1.33 µM)NAA 0.03 mg/L (0.16 µM)

ExplantMeristem

Basal mediumMS

Carbon sourcenot stated

Reported2019

Evidence C 1 paper

score 34

BAP 1 mg/L (4.44 µM)IBA 0.2 mg/L (0.98 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumMS

Carbon sourcenot stated

Reported2018

Evidence C 1 paper

score 34

BAP 1 mg/L (4.44 µM)NAA 0.8 mg/L (4.3 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumMS

Carbon sourcenot stated

Reported2018

Evidence C 1 paper

score 34

Kinetin 1 mg/L (4.65 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumMS

Carbon sourcenot stated

Reported2022

Evidence C 1 paper

score 34

BAP 0.5 mg/L (2.22 µM)NAA 1 mg/L (5.37 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumMS

Carbon sourcenot stated

Reported2015

Evidence C 1 paper

score 34

Kinetin 0.5 mg/L (2.32 µM)BAP 2 mg/L (8.88 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumMS

Carbon sourcenot stated

Reported2014

Evidence C 1 paper

score 33

BAP 1 mg/L (4.44 µM)Kinetin 1 mg/L (4.65 µM)NAA 0.5 mg/L (2.69 µM)GA3 0.5 mg/L (1.44 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumMS

Carbon sourcenot stated

Reported2011

Evidence C 1 paper

score 33

BAP 0.5 mg/L (2.22 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumnot stated

Carbon sourcenot stated

Reported2026

Evidence C 1 paper

score 33

IBA 1 mg/L (4.92 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumMS

Carbon sourcenot stated

Reported2011

Evidence C 1 paper

score 32

IBA 0.5 mg/L (2.46 µM)BAP 0.3 mg/L (1.33 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumnot stated

Carbon sourcenot stated

Reported2016

Evidence C 1 paper

score 32

BAP 0.5 mg/L (2.22 µM)NAA 0.25 mg/L (1.34 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumnot stated

Carbon sourcenot stated

Shoots / explant5.9

Reported2026

Evidence C 1 paper

score 32

Kinetin 1.5 mg/L (6.97 µM)NAA 1 mg/L (5.37 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumnot stated

Carbon sourcenot stated

Reported2009

Rooting

Evidence A Top ranked Corroborated · 3 papers

score 100

NAA 5 mg/L (26.85 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumnot stated

Carbon sourcenot stated

Roots / shoot13.5

Reported2010–2025

Evidence B Corroborated · 2 papers

score 81

NAA 5 mg/L (26.85 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumMS (½ strength)

Carbon source60 g/L sucrose

Response87% (80–94)

Reported2014–2017

Evidence B Corroborated · 2 papers

score 76

NAA 1 mg/L (5.37 µM)IBA 2 mg/L (9.84 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumnot stated

Carbon sourcenot stated

Response96.7%

Reported2014–2025

Evidence B Corroborated · 2 papers

score 64

NAA 1 mg/L (5.37 µM)IBA 2 mg/L (9.84 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumMS

Carbon sourcenot stated

Response100%

Reported2015–2016

Evidence B Corroborated · 2 papers

score 63

NAA 5 mg/L (26.85 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumMS

Carbon sourcenot stated

Reported2004–2010

Evidence B Corroborated · 2 papers

score 56

NAA 3 mg/L (16.11 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumnot stated

Carbon sourcenot stated

Response0.5%

Reported2019–2021

Evidence C 1 paper

score 37

IBA 2.5 mg/L (12.3 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumMS (½ strength)

Carbon source60 g/L sucrose

Response86.7%

Reported2014

Evidence C 1 paper

score 36

BAP 2 mg/L (8.88 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumnot stated

Carbon sourcenot stated

Response89%

Reported2012

Evidence C 1 paper

score 36

BAP 2 mg/L (8.88 µM)GA3 1 mg/L (2.89 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumnot stated

Carbon sourcenot stated

Response84%

Reported2012

Evidence C 1 paper

score 35

NAA 20 mg/L (107.41 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumnot stated

Carbon sourcenot stated

Response76%

Reported2016

Evidence C 1 paper

score 29

IBA 1.5 mg/L (7.38 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumMS (½ strength)

Carbon sourcenot stated

Reported2011

Evidence C 1 paper

score 29

NAA 3 mg/L (16.11 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumMS

Carbon sourcenot stated

Response72%

Reported2022

Evidence C 1 paper

score 28

NAA 2 mg/L (10.74 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumnot stated

Carbon sourcenot stated

Reported2011

Evidence C 1 paper

score 27

IAA 1 mg/L (5.71 µM)NAA 1 mg/L (5.37 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumMS

Carbon sourcenot stated

Reported2021

Evidence C 1 paper

score 26

NAA 2 mg/L (10.74 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumMS

Carbon sourcenot stated

Reported2022

Evidence C 1 paper

score 26

IBA 0.2 mg/L (0.98 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumMS (½ strength)

Carbon sourcenot stated

Reported2021

Evidence C 1 paper

score 26

NAA 0.5 mg/L (2.69 µM)IBA 1 mg/L (4.92 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumMS (½ strength)

Carbon source20 g/L sucrose

Reported2015

Evidence C 1 paper

score 24

IAA 5 mg/L (28.54 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumnot stated

Carbon sourcenot stated

Reported2014

Evidence C 1 paper

score 24

NAA 0.5 mg/L (2.69 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumnot stated

Carbon sourcenot stated

Reported2013

Evidence C 1 paper

score 24

BAP 1 mg/L (4.44 µM)

Explantnot stated

Basal mediumnot stated

Carbon sourcenot stated

Reported2009

Analysis

Overall evidence

Strong

85 protocols graded

Grade A / B / C

4 / 11 / 70

A = 3+ papers agree · B = 2 papers · C = 1 paper

Verified records

120

11 from full text · 0 human-reviewed

Literature span

2004–2026

83 papers

Key findings

Callus induction: MS with 3 mg/L 2,4-D. Median response 91% (grade A, 5 papers).
Shoot regeneration & multiplication: MS (0.5× strength) with 5 mg/L NAA. Median response 92% (grade B, 2 papers).
Rooting: Medium not stated with 5 mg/L NAA (grade A, 3 papers).
For shoot regeneration & multiplication, BAP is the most reported regulator (23 papers; typical 0.75–1.75 mg/L, median 1).
For callus induction, 2,4-D is the most reported regulator (13 papers; typical 3–4 mg/L, median 3).
For rooting, NAA is the most reported regulator (19 papers; typical 1–5 mg/L, median 3).
6 atypical doses flagged for a second look.

Recommended workflow

The best-supported protocol at each stage, in culture order. The grade says how strongly the literature backs it.

Surface sterilization Evidence C 1 paper

70% ethanol · 30 s → 1% NaOCl · 1 min

Reported by a single paper; treat as a lead to check, not an established protocol.

Callus induction Evidence A 5 papers

MS with 3 mg/L 2,4-D. Median response 91%

Hormone balance: auxin only

Three or more independent papers report this protocol with consistent outcomes.

Somatic embryogenesis Evidence C 1 paper

MS with 4 mg/L 2,4-D. Median response 40%

Hormone balance: auxin only

Reported by a single paper; treat as a lead to check, not an established protocol.

Shoot regeneration & multiplication Evidence B 2 papers

MS (0.5× strength) with 5 mg/L NAA. Median response 92%

Hormone balance: auxin only

Two independent papers report this protocol.

Rooting Evidence A 3 papers

Medium not stated with 5 mg/L NAA

Hormone balance: auxin only

Three or more independent papers report this protocol with consistent outcomes.

Acclimatization Evidence A 14 papers

Not specified substrate; survival 91%

Three or more independent papers report this protocol with consistent outcomes.

Typical growth regulator doses

One value per paper. With three or more papers the range is the interquartile range (the middle half of reports); with fewer it is the full min–max.

Shoot regeneration & multiplication
Regulator	Papers	Typical range (mg/L)	Median	Most common	Papers using it
BAP cytokinin	23	0.75 – 1.75 IQR	1	1 (43%)	68%
NAA auxin	20	0.5 – 3.5 IQR	1.5	0.5 (20%)	59%
Kinetin cytokinin	8	0.5 – 1 IQR	0.75	1 (38%)	24%
IBA auxin	5	0.5 – 0.5 IQR	0.5	0.5 (60%)	15%
TDZ cytokinin	3	1 – 5.5 IQR	1	1 (67%)	9%
GA3 gibberellin	2	0.5 – 0.5 min–max	0.5	0.5	6%
IAA auxin	1	0.1 – 0.1 min–max	0.1	0.1	3%

Callus induction
Regulator	Papers	Typical range (mg/L)	Median	Most common	Papers using it
2,4-D auxin	13	3 – 4 IQR	3	3 (62%)	65%
BAP cytokinin	6	0.813 – 2 IQR	1.5	2 (33%)	30%
Kinetin cytokinin	4	0.5 – 0.625 IQR	0.5	0.5 (75%)	20%
Picloram auxin	2	1.087 – 4 min–max	2.543	1.087	10%
GA3 gibberellin	1	1 – 1 min–max	1	1	5%
NAA auxin	1	1 – 1 min–max	1	1	5%

Rooting
Regulator	Papers	Typical range (mg/L)	Median	Most common	Papers using it
NAA auxin	19	1 – 5 IQR	3	5 (32%)	76%
IBA auxin	8	1.375 – 2 IQR	2	2 (50%)	32%
BAP cytokinin	3	1.5 – 2 IQR	2	2 (67%)	12%
IAA auxin	2	1 – 5 min–max	3	1	8%
GA3 gibberellin	1	1 – 1 min–max	1	1	4%

Somatic embryogenesis
Regulator	Papers	Typical range (mg/L)	Median	Most common	Papers using it
2,4-D auxin	1	4 – 4 min–max	4	4	100%

Dose-response trends

Median outcome by dose band, one vote per paper. These compare different papers, so read them as a trend, not a controlled optimum.

Shoot regeneration & multiplication · NAA moderate confidence

Outcome keeps rising up to the highest dose reported; the optimum may lie above what papers have tested.

< 0.25 mg/L80 n=1

2–4 mg/L85.6 n=4

4–8 mg/L87.7 n=4

≥ 8 mg/L91.7 n=1

Outcome: response (%) · 10 papers

Rooting · NAA moderate confidence

No clear dose pattern: outcomes go up and down between dose bands, so differences between papers (medium, explant, genotype) probably matter more than dose.

1–2 mg/L100 n=3

2–4 mg/L36.3 n=2

4–8 mg/L87 n=2

≥ 8 mg/L76 n=1

Outcome: response (%) · 8 papers

Points to double-check

Surface sterilization: close competitors

75% ethanol · 30 s → 5% NaOCl · 4 min (1 paper, score 100)
70% ethanol · 30 s → 10% NaOCl · 10 min (1 paper, score 99)
4% NaOCl · 60 min → 95% ethanol · 5 min (1 paper, score 98)
0.1% HgCl2 · 30 min (1 paper, score 97)

Shoot regeneration & multiplication: close competitors

MS with 1 mg/L BAP + 0.5 mg/L IBA (2 papers, score 91)

Atypical doses

Outside the usual spread for that regulator. Not removed: they may be genuine, but re-read the source.

Shoot regeneration & multiplication: NAA at 9.5 mg/L (high; usual 0.5–3.5)
Shoot regeneration & multiplication: IBA at 1 mg/L (high; usual 0.5–0.5)
Shoot regeneration & multiplication: IBA at 0.2 mg/L (low; usual 0.5–0.5)
Callus induction: BAP at 4 mg/L (high; usual 0.813–2)
Rooting: NAA at 20 mg/L (high; usual 1–5)
Rooting: IBA at 0.2 mg/L (low; usual 1.375–2)

How to read this

Summaries combine different papers. Media, explants, genotypes and culture conditions differ, so trends are associations, not controlled comparisons.
Grades reflect how many independent papers agree, not how good the science is. Always read the cited sentence and its paper.
Papers without open-access full text are read from abstracts only, so some protocols will be missing.

Saccharum officinarum

At a glance

Surface sterilization

Callus induction

Somatic embryogenesis

Shoot regeneration & multiplication

Rooting

Acclimatization

Surface sterilization

Callus induction

Somatic embryogenesis

Shoot regeneration & multiplication

Rooting

Acclimatization

Analysis

Key findings

Recommended workflow

Typical growth regulator doses

Dose-response trends

Shoot regeneration & multiplication · NAA moderate confidence

Rooting · NAA moderate confidence

Points to double-check

Surface sterilization: close competitors

Shoot regeneration & multiplication: close competitors

Atypical doses

How to read this

Growth regulator heatmap